Mangold

Beim Anblick der kräftigen Stiele in ­leuchtenden Farben kommt kaum jemand auf die Idee, an Rüben zu denken. Dennoch ist der Mangold, botanisch Beta vulgaris, ein enger Verwandter der Futterrüben, Roten Rüben und Zuckerrüben. Während seine Artgenossen durch selektive Züchtung stark verändert wurden, behielt der Mangold weitgehend die Form, die er bereits in der Antike aufwies. Bis ins 18. Jahrhundert war Mangold ein sehr beliebtes Gemüse, geriet aber in Vergessenheit. Dank der neu entdeckten Freude an Vielfalt von Lebensmitteln gewinnt der Mangold zunehmend wieder an Boden – im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes.

Ausgewählte weiterführende Literatur

Abdel-Rahman, Elfatih M.; Mutanga, Onisimo; Odindi, John; Adam, Elhadi; Odindo, Alfred; Ismail, Riyad (2017): Estimating Swiss chard foliar macro- and micronutrient concentrations under different irrigation water sources using ground-based hyperspectral data and four partial least squares (PLS)-based (PLS1, PLS2, SPLS1 and SPLS2) regression algorithms. In: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 132, S. 21–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2016.11.008.

Agüero, M. V.; Pereda, J.; Roura, S. I.; Moreira, M. R.; del Valle, C. E. (2005): Sensory and biochemical changes in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris) during blanching. In: LWT – Food Science and Technology 38 (7), S. 772–778. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.018.

Antonia Murcia, Ma; Jiménez, Antonia Ma; Martínez-Tomé, Magdalena (2009): Vegetables antioxidant losses during industrial processing and refrigerated storage. In: Food Research International 42 (8), S. 1046–1052. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.04.012.

Asaduzzaman, Md; Asao, Toshiki (Hg.) (2018): Vegetables – Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health: InTech.

Asen, Per Arvid (2009): Plants of possible monastic origin, growing in the past or present, at medieval monastery grounds in Norway. In: Jean-Paul Morel und Anna Maria Mercuri (Hg.): Plants and culture. Seeds of the cultural heritage of Europe. Bari: Edipuglia (Studio, tutela e fruizione dei beni culturali, 3), S. 227–238.

Awuchi, Chinaza Godswill; Igwe, Victory Somtochukwu; Amagwula, Ikechuku O (2020): NUTRITIONAL DISEASES AND NUTRIENT TOXICITIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE DIETS AND NUTRITION FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. In: International Journal of Advanced Academic Research 6 (1), S. 1–46.

Barickman, T. Casey; Kopsell, Dean A. (2016): Nitrogen form and ratio impact Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) shoot tissue carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations. In: Scientia Horticulturae 204 (1), S. 99–105. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.04.007.

Bergel, Joseph (1885): Die Medizin der Talmudisten. Leipzig und Berlin: Wilhelm Friedrich.

Boseva, Kalina Y; Bosseva, Yulia Z (2016): Edible and medicinal plants in the cloister gardens of West Europe (800s – 900s AD). In: Phytologia Balcanica 22 (2), S. 161–167.

Boswell, Victor R (1949): Our Vegetable Trevelers. In: National Geographic Magazine 96 (2), S. 145–217.

Boutenko, Victoria (2010): Green for life. 2010, Updated edition. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books.

Bozokalfa, Kadri; Yağmur, Bülent; Eşiyok, Dursun; Kaygisiz, Aşçioğul (2014): Genetic variability and association pattern among quantitative nutritional traits in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. L. var. cicla) accessions and its implication for breeding. In: Genetika 46 (2), S. 505–514. DOI: 10.2298/GENSR1402505B.

Bursal, Ercan (2013): Kinetic Properties of Peroxidase Enzyme from Chard (Beta vulgaris Subspecies cicla ) Leaves. In: International Journal of Food Properties 16 (6), S. 1293–1303. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2011.585729.

Caracciolo, Francesco; El-Nakhel, Christophe; Raimondo, Maria; Kyriacou, Marios C.; Cembalo, Luigi; Pascale, Stefania de; Rouphael, Youssef (2020): Sensory Attributes and Consumer Acceptability of 12 Microgreens Species. In: Agronomy 10 (7), S. 1043. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10071043.

Chai, Weiwen; Liebman, Michael (2005): Effect of different cooking methods on vegetable oxalate content. In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (8), S. 3027–3030.

Colonna, Emma; Rouphael, Youssef; Barbieri, Giancarlo; Pascale, Stefania de (2016): Nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities. In: Food Chemistry 199, S. 702–710. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.068.

Culpeper, Nicholas (1653): The English Physician. enlarged: with three hundred sixty, and nine medicines. London: Thomason.

Davidson, William: Sefaria. The William Davidson Talmud, zuletzt geprüft am 14.02.2021.

Drummond, J. C.; Wilbraham, Anne (1991): The Englishman’s food. A history of five centuries of English diet. New and rev. ed. Hg. v. Dorothy Hollingsworth. London: Pimlico.

Duyff, Roberta Larson: Complete food and nutrition guide. 5th edition, revised and updated edition.

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2013): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to a combination of red spinach, green spinach, red chicory, green chicory, green leaf chard, red leaf chard, red Swiss chard, golden Swiss chard and white Swiss chard and protection of blood lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. In: EFS2 11 (10). DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3414.

Engelbrecht, G. M.; Ceronio, G. M.; Motseki, P. C. (2010): Effect of nitrogen levels and sources on production of Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris var. Cicla ). In: South African Journal of Plant and Soil 27 (3), S. 229–234. DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2010.10639991.

Esatbeyoglu, Tuba; Wagner, Anika E.; Schini-Kerth, Valérie B.; Rimbach, Gerald (2015): Betanin-A food colorant with biological activity. In: Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 59 (1), S. 36–47. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400484.

Ferrante, A; Incrocci, L; Serra, G (2008): Quality changes during storage of fresh-cut or intact Swiss chard leafy vegetables. In: J Food Agric. Environ. 6 (3 & 4), S. 60–62.

Fertl, Katharina Monika (2013): Die Gartenpflanzen des Mittelalters.“. Die Pflanzen der Nutz- und Lustgärten vom 11. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert und ihre Bedeutung für den Lebensalltag der Menschen im Mittelalter. Diplomarbeit. Universität, Wien. Geschichte.

Fischer-Benzon, Rudolph (2019): Altdeutsche Gartenflora. Untersuchungen über die Kulturpflanzen des deutschen Mittelalters: Inktank Publishing.

Furst, A. (2002): Can Nutrition Affect Chemical Toxicity. In: Int J Toxicol 21 (5), S. 419–424. DOI: 10.1080/10915810290096649.

Gamba, Magda; Raguindin, Peter Francis; Asllanaj, Eralda; Merlo, Francesco; Glisic, Marija; Minder, Beatrice et al. (2020): Bioactive compounds and nutritional composition of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla and flavescens ): a systematic review. In: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 7 (3), S. 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1799326.

Gawlik-Dziki, Urszula; Dziki, Laura; Anisiewicz, Jakub; Habza-Kowalska, Ewa; Sikora, Małgorzata; Dziki, Dariusz (2020): Leaves of White Beetroot As a New Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds. In: Plants 9 (8), S. 944. DOI: 10.3390/plants9080944.

Hailay, Gebremedhin; Haymanot, Awgchew (2019): The response of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) to nitrogen levels and intra-row spacing in Debre Berhan Central Ethiopia. In: Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 2 (2), S. 105–116.

Hark, Lisa; Morrison, Gail; Deen, Darwin (2014): Medical nutrition and disease. A case-based approach. [Place of publication not identified]: Wiley-Blackwell.

Hashem, A N; Soliman, M S; Hamed, M A; Swilam, N F; Lindequist, U; Nawwar, M A (2016): Beta vulgaris subspecies cicla var. flavescens (Swiss chard): flavonoids, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activities. In: Die Pharmazie – An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 71 (4), S. 227-232(6).

Hernández-Castro, E.; Trejo-Téllez, L.I; Gómez-Merino, F.C; Rodríguez-Mendoza, M.N; Sánchez-García, P.; Robledo-Paz, A. (2015): Bioaccumulation of iron, selenium, nitrate, and proteins in chard shoots. In: J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. (ahead), S. 0. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-95162015005000047.

Hwang, Ko-Eun; Choi, Yun-Sang; Song, Dong-Heon; Kim, Yong-Jae; Ham, Youn-Kyung; Jeong, Jong-Youn; Kim, Cheon-Jei (2016): USE OF SWISS CHARD EXTRACTS AND STARTER CULTURE AS A NATURAL NITRITE IN COOKED PORK PATTY. 62 International Congress of Meat Science and Technology. Bangkok.

Ibrahim, Misoon O; Mutwali, Elnasri M; Salih, Elsir A; Ismail, Wegdan H (2018): Effect of Magnetized Water on the Germination and some Yield Components of Swiss Chard. In: International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 3 (9), S. 410–415.

Ivanović, Ljubica; TOPALOVIĆ, Ana; Bogdanović, Višnja; ĐUROVIĆ, Dijana; MUGOŠA, Boban; Jadranin, Milka et al. (2021): Antiproliferative activity and antioxidative potential of Swiss chard from Montenegro, grown under different irrigation and fertilization regimes. In: BFJ ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print), S. 230. DOI: 10.1108/BFJ-11-2020-1062.

Jara-Gutiérrez, P.; Zafra, M. P.; Sanz, V.; Del Pozo, V.; Fernandez-Nieto, M. (2017): Asthma Due to Swiss Chard: Identification of a New Allergen. In: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 27 (1), S. 67–68. DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0120.

Javanmardi, Fardin; Rahmani, Jamal; Ghiasi, Fatemeh; Hashemi Gahruie, Hadi; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin (2019): The Association between the Preservative Agents in Foods and the Risk of Breast Cancer. In: Nutrition and Cancer 71 (8), S. 1229–1240. DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1608266.

Jiménez-Monreal, A. M.; García-Diz, L.; Martínez-Tomé, M.; Mariscal, M.; Murcia, M. A. (2009): Influence of Cooking Methods on Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables. In: Journal of Food Science 74 (3), S. H97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01091.x.

Kasim, M. Ufuk; Kasim, Rezzan (2011): Color Changes of Fresh-cut Swiss Chard Leaves Stored at Different Light Intensity. In: American J. of Food Technology 7 (1), S. 13–21. DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2012.13.21.

Kerr, Bill (2018): Growing Swiss Chard. In: Farmer´s Weekly (18037), S. 46.

Kluge, Friedrich (1975): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 21. unveränderte Aufl. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.

KNEŽEVIĆ, Mirko; ĐUROVIĆ, Dijana; MUGOŠA, Boban; STRUNJAŠ, Miloš; TOPALOVIĆ, Ana (2014): RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARAMETERS OF SOIL AND CHARD (BETA VULGARIS L. VAR. CICLA L.). In: Agriculture & Forestry 60 (3), S. 275–283.

Körber-Grohne, Udelgard (1995): Nutzpflanuzen in Deutschland von der Vorgeschichte bis heute. Das kompetente Nachschlagewerk. Hamburg: Nikol.

Kovalev, V. S.; Manukovsky, N. S.; Tikhomirov, A. A. (2019): Computing-feasibility study of NASA nutrition requirements as applied to a bioregenerative life support system. In: Acta Astronautica 159 (4), S. 371–376. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.04.001.

Kugler, Florian; Graneis, Stephan; Stintzing, Florian C.; Carle, Reinhold (2007): Studies on Betaxanthin Profiles of Vegetables and Fruits from the Chenopodiaceae and Cactaceae. In: Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62 (5-6), S. 311–318. DOI: 10.1515/znc-2007-5-601.

Land O´Lakes International Development (2017): GUIDELINE FOR AGRO-ECOLOGY BASED PACKAGES OF NUTRITION SENSITIVE INTERVENTIONS.

Landsberg, Sylvia (2003): The medieval garden. [Toronto]: University of Toronto Press.

Lippmann, Edmund O von (1925): Geschichte der Rübe (Beta) als Kulturpflanze: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Logendra, Logan S; Gilrain, Matthew R; Gianfagna, Thomas J; Janes, Harry W (2002): SWISS CHARD: A SALAD CROP FOR THE SPACE PROGRAM. In: Life Support & Biosphere Science 8 (3-4), S. 173–179.

López-Nicolás, Rubén; Frontela-Saseta, Carmen; González-Abellán, Raquel; Barado-Piqueras, Ana; Perez-Conesa, Dario; Ros-Berruezo, Gaspar (2014): Folate fortification of white and whole-grain bread by adding Swiss chard and spinach. Acceptability by consumers. In: LWT – Food Science and Technology 59 (1), S. 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.05.007.

Madra-Gackowska, Katarzyna; Gackowski, Marcin; Glowczewska Siedlecka, Emilia; Siedlecki, Zygmunt; Ziolkowska, Sylwia (2018): Medications of medieval monastery medicine. In: Journal of Education, Health and Sport 8 (9), S. 1667–1674.

Mariotti, François (2017): Vegetarian and plant-based diets in health and disease prevention. London: Academic Press.

Matallana González, M. C.; Martínez-Tomé, M. J.; Torija Isasa, M. E. (2010): Nitrate and nitrite content in organically cultivated vegetables. In: Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B 3 (1), S. 19–29. DOI: 10.1080/19440040903586299.

Mayer-Nicolai, Christine (2008): Vergleich der durch die historischen Autoren Hildegard von Bingen und Leonhart Fuchs pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln zugeschriebenen mit aktuell anerkannten Indikationen. Dissertation, Würzburg.

Meinen, Esther; Dueck, Tom; Kempkes, Frank; Stanghellini, Cecilia (2018): Growing fresh food on future space missions: Environmental conditions and crop management. In: Scientia Horticulturae 235 (43), S. 270–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.002.

Morel, Jean-Paul; Mercuri, Anna Maria (Hg.) (2009): Plants and culture. Seeds of the cultural heritage of Europe. Bari: Edipuglia (Studio, tutela e fruizione dei beni culturali, 3).

Mzoughi, Zeineb; Chahdoura, Hassiba; Chakroun, Yasmine; Cámara, Montaña; Fernández-Ruiz, Virginia; Morales, Patricia et al. (2019): Wild edible Swiss chard leaves (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla): Nutritional, phytochemical composition and biological activities. In: Food Research International 119 (2), S. 612–621. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.039.

Ninfali, P.; Bacchiocca, M.; Antonelli, A.; Biagiotti, E.; Di Gioacchino, A. M.; Piccoli, G. et al. (2007): Characterization and biological activity of the main flavonoids from Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla). In: Phytomedicine 14 (2-3), S. 216–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.03.006.

Null, Gary; Pennesi, Luanne; Feldman, Martin (2017): Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention on Mood and Neurological Disorders. In: J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 22 (1), S. 68–74. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216637539.

Orzáez Villanueva, M.T; Dı́az Marquina, A.; Franco Vargas, E.; Blázquez Abellán, G. (2000): Modification of vitamins B1 and B2 by culinary processes: traditional systems and microwaves. In: Food Chemistry 71 (4), S. 417–421. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00131-X.

Oztay, Fusun; Sacan, Ozlem; Kayalar, Ozgecan; Bolkent, Sehnaz; Ipci, Yesim; Kabasakal, Levent et al. (2015): Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla ) extract improved hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and surfactant-associated protein alterations in rat lungs. In: Pharmaceutical Biology 53 (11), S. 1639–1646. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.997252.

Parks, S. E.; Huett, D. O.; Campbell, L. C.; Spohr, L. J. (2008): Nitrate and nitrite in Australian leafy vegetables. In: Aust. J. Agric. Res. 59 (7), S. 632. DOI: 10.1071/AR07198.

Pèrez, A.; Gago, G. (1991): Antimutagenic activity of lettuce and chard extracts. In: Nahrung 35 (4), S. 369–371. DOI: 10.1002/food.19910350413.

Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Gaius; Mause, Michael (2012): Epistulae. Briefe. Stuttgart: Reclam (Reclams Universal-Bibliothek, Nr. 19846 : Fremdsprachentexte : Latein).

Ponce, A. G.; Roura, S. I.; Valle, C.E.del; Fritz, R. (2003): Characterization of native microbial populations on Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris, type cicla) cultivated by organic methods. In: LWT – Food Science and Technology 36 (2), S. 183–188. DOI: 10.1016/S0023-6438(02)00184-6.

Ponce, A. G.; Valle, C.; Roura, S. I. (2004): Shelf Life of Leafy Vegetables Treated with Natural Essential Oils. In: Journal of Food Science 69 (2), S. fms50. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb15515.x.

Porceddu, E.; Jenkins, G.: Seed regeneration in cross-pollinated species. Proceedings of the C.E.C./EUCARPIA Seminar, Nyborg, Denmark, 15-17 July, 1981.

Pyo, Young-Hee; Lee, Tung-Ching; Logendra, Logan; Rosen, Robert T. (2004): Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) extracts. In: Food Chemistry 85 (1), S. 19–26. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00294-2.

Sacan, Ozlem; Yanardag, Refiye (2010): Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla). In: Food and Chemical Toxicology 48 (5), S. 1275–1280. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.022.

Santamaria, Pietro; Elia, Antonio; Serio, Francesco; Todaro, Enzo (1999): A survey of nitrate and oxalate content in fresh vegetables. In: J. Sci. Food Agric. 79 (13), S. 1882–1888. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199910)79:13<1882::AID-JSFA450>3.0.CO;2-D.

Santos, J.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.; Ibáñez, E.; Herrero, M. (2014): Phenolic profile evolution of different ready-to-eat baby-leaf vegetables during storage. In: Journal of Chromatography A 1327, S. 118–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.085.

Silverstone, S. E.; Nelson, M. (1996): Food production and nutrition in Biosphere 2: Results from the first mission September 1991 to September 1993. In: Advances in Space Research 18 (4-5), S. 49–61. DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00861-8.

Singh, Hardeep; Dunn, Bruce; Payton, Mark (2019): Hydroponic pH Modifiers affect Plant Growth and Nutrient Content in Leafy Greens. In: Journal of Horticultural Research 27 (1), S. 31–36. DOI: 10.2478/johr-2019-0004.

Singh, Hardeep; Poudel, Megha R.; Dunn, Bruce L.; Fontanier, Charles; Kakani, Gopal (2020): Effect of Greenhouse CO2 Supplementation on Yield and Mineral Element Concentrations of Leafy Greens Grown Using Nutrient Film Technique. In: Agronomy 10 (3), S. 323. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030323.

Sokolova, Diana V.; Shelenga, Tatiana V.; Solovieva, Alla E. (2019): Comparative characteristics of the biochemical composition of chard and table beet accessions from VIR collection. In: Ovoŝi Rossii (5), S. 77–83. DOI: 10.18619/2072-9146-2019-5-77-83.

Song, Peng; Wu, Lei; Guan, Wenxian (2015): Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines Intake and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. In: Nutrients 7 (12), S. 9872–9875.

Toribio-Mateas, Miguel (2018): Harnessing the Power of Microbiome Assessment Tools as Part of Neuroprotective Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine Interventions. In: Microorganisms 6 (2), S. 35. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020035.

Toti, Elisabetta; Chen, C.-Y. Oliver; Palmery, Maura; Villaño Valencia, Débora; Peluso, Ilaria (2018): Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition? In: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (3), S. 1–20. DOI: 10.1155/2018/4637861.

TRIFUNOVIC, Snezana; TOPALOVIC, Ana; KNEZEVIC, Mirko; VAJS, Vlatka (2015): FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS: ANTIOXIDATIVE AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF SWISS CHARD (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla). In: AgricultForest 61 (2). DOI: 10.17707/AgricultForest.61.2.06.

Turner, Ellen R.; Luo, Yaguang; Buchanan, Robert L. (2020): Microgreen nutrition, food safety, and shelf life: A review. In: Journal of Food Science 85 (4), S. 870–882. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15049.

Ülger, Taha Gökmen; Songur, Ayşe Nur; Çırak, Onur; Çakıroğlu, Funda Pınar (2018): Role of Vegetables in Human Nutrition and Disease Prevention. In: Md Asaduzzaman und Toshiki Asao (Hg.): Vegetables – Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health: InTech.

Yadav, R K; Kalia, P; Kumar, Raj; Jain, Varsha (2013): Antioxidant and Nutritional Activity Studies of Green Leafy Vegetables. In: International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology 4 (7), S. 707–712.

Yamada, Mina; Kuroda, Chika; Fujiyama, Hideyasu (2016): Function of sodium and potassium in growth of sodium-loving Amaranthaceae species. In: Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 62 (1), S. 20–26. DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2015.1075365.

Zein, Hussam; Hashish, Abd El-Moneim; Ismaiel, Ghada H H (2015): The antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Swiss Chard and Red Beetroot Leaves. In: Current Science International 4 (4), S. 491–498.